Tympanic membrane perforation occurs when there is a hole or tear in the eardrum (tympanic membrane). The eardrum is a thin tissue that separates the outer ear from the middle ear and plays a critical role in transmitting sound waves. Perforation typically manifests with symptoms such as pain, hearing loss, and discharge from the ear.
Causes of Tympanic Membrane Perforation
- Trauma: Impact, inserting sharp objects into the ear, or exposure to explosive sounds.
- Sudden pressure changes (barotrauma): Scuba diving, air travel, or loud explosions.
- Middle ear infections (otitis media): Pressure from an infection can strain and rupture the eardrum.
- Sudden loud noises (acoustic trauma): For example, a firework explosion.
- Burns or chemicals: Can damage the eardrum’s structure.
Diagnosis
If tympanic membrane perforation is suspected, consult an otolaryngologist (ENT specialist).
- Physical examination: The ear is examined under a microscope.
- Hearing test: Evaluates the degree of hearing loss.
- Tympanometry: Measures the eardrum's pressure and movement capacity.
- Fluid sample: If there is discharge, a sample can be analyzed for infection.
Treatment
Self-healing:
- Small perforations often heal on their own within a few weeks. During this time, it is important to keep the ear dry.
- Pain relief medications prescribed by a doctor may help if there is discomfort.
Medication:
- Antibiotics: Prescribed if there is a risk of infection.
- Ear drops: May be recommended to aid healing.
Surgical intervention:
Myringoplasty: Used to repair small tears.
Tympanoplasty: A surgical procedure for larger perforations.
Precautions
- Protect the ear from water while swimming or bathing.
- Avoid inserting any objects into the ear.
- Consult an ENT specialist before activities like air travel or diving to avoid pressure-related complications.