Sleep Apnea: Causes and Treatment image

Sleep Apnea: Causes and Treatment

Opr. Dr. Mehmet ÖZGENÇ -

Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops during sleep. This condition leads to frequent awakenings throughout the night and insufficient oxygen intake. There are two main types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. In obstructive sleep apnea, the airway is blocked, while in central sleep apnea, the brain's breathing signals are interrupted. The most common type is obstructive sleep apnea.


Factors Causing Sleep Apnea


Several factors can lead to sleep apnea, including:


  1. Excess Weight: Fat accumulation in the neck area narrows the airways, increasing the risk of sleep apnea.
  2. Enlarged Tonsils or Adenoids: Common in children, it narrows the airway.
  3. Face and Jaw Structure: A small or recessed jaw can narrow the airway.
  4. Use of Alcohol or Sedatives: These relax the muscles, causing the airway to close.
  5. Aging: As age increases, the tone of the airway muscles decreases, which can lead to blockage.
  6. Nasal Cartilage and Bone Deviations: Deviation of nasal structures, hypertrophy of the nasal turbinates (especially the inferior turbinates), and allergic rhinosinusitis.
  7. Benign and Malignant Tumors in the Nose and Nasopharynx: Tumors in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx (the area at the back of the nose) may also contribute to sleep apnea.

Treatment Methods


Treatment options for sleep apnea vary depending on the person, the severity of the apnea, and other health conditions. The treatment methods include:


  1. Lifestyle Changes: Simple changes like losing weight, avoiding alcohol and smoking, and adjusting sleeping position can be effective in mild cases.
  2. CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) Device: This device provides airflow through the nose or mouth during sleep. It is the most common and effective treatment.
  3. Oral Appliances: These devices hold the jaw forward to keep the airway open and can be used in mild to moderate cases.
  4. Surgical Interventions: Surgical options are considered when CPAP treatment is ineffective or unfeasible. Key surgical treatments include:
  • UPPP (Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty): Removes parts of the palate and uvula (soft tissue at the back of the throat) to widen the airway.
  • Expansion Pharyngoplasty: Alters the soft palate and surrounding tissue to widen the airway.
  • Genioglossus Advancement: Pulls tongue muscles forward to open the airway.
  • Jaw Surgery: Moves the jaw forward to widen the airway, also known as orthognathic surgery.
  • Tongue Reduction Surgery: A surgery aimed at reducing tongue size.


Which of these methods to use depends on the patient's general health, the severity of the sleep apnea, and the location of the airway blockage. The aim of treatment is to reduce symptoms of apnea, helping patients sleep better and improving their quality of life.